Geographical “Normandy” of 1944 was much the same as geographical “Normandy” 1066.
But your Question actually asks about Normandy in the 10th century … not the 11th century (including 1066 of course!). And the answer to that Question is a bit more complicated; because during the 10th century Normandy was being formed, piece-by-piece. You should look at some maps to follow the process: I list some in my Sources.
The original core of what became Normandy was the area around Rouen, on the lower Seine river. Go to Map 1 below. The region named “Roumois” is the section that Rolf/Rollo and his Vikings occupied when they first settled in 887.
By 911, when Rollo was formally recognized by the French king as Jarl (or Count) of Rouen, he had extended his territory to include the region named “Pays de Caux” on Map 1.
Meanwhile, other Vikings had settled coastal regions a little further west from Rollo’s new domain: the regions marked as Cotentin and Bessin on Map 1. At the same time, Bretons (descendants of the old pre-Frank Celtic population) had pushed their frontier to the east to occupy the Avranchin (Map 1). Between 924 and 933, the French king granted to the Rouen Vikings (who were now beginning to be called the Normans) the right to rule those regions as well. But first they had to conquer them: although Map 2 shows these entire regions being “Norman” from precisely 924 and 933, the process of taking real control took much longer.
Expansion of Norman control continued through the rest of the 10th century. The region shown as “Pays de Talou” (Map 1) was occupied in 996. The “Passais” region (Map 2) was not occupied until 1050.
And that was that. From 1050 onwards, Normandy’s borders were more or less set as they have remained to this day. I say “more or less” because border warfare between Normandy and its neighbors continued through the early medieval period, and some regions changed hands at least temporarily. For example, in the 1050’s Harold Godwinson (later king Harold of England) campaigned with his future enemy, Duke William of Normandy, against the Bretons on the borders of the Avranchin. And the kings of France were forever contesting control of the Vexin and Meresais (Map 1) against the Normans.
Map 3 shows Normandy as it exists today (and did in 1944).
Map 4 shows the D-Day landings, along the coast north and west of Caen.
Posted: January 19th, 2010 under Normandy FAQ.
Comments: 2